Technical links
Console - Platforms
PS3
PS2
iOs_Android
VR
Coarse shading
3d Engines
Vibility
Virtual Textures - Sparse Voxel Octree - Voxels
- Efficient Sparse Voxel Octrees - Analysis, Extensions, and Implementation - Laine and Kerras, Nvidia
- laine's paper on efficient SVO rendering
- PC Perspective - John Carmack on id Tech 6, Ray Tracing, Consoles, Physics and more
- Demo by Jon Olick at Siggraph 2008
- ompf.org - Siggraph '08 Realtime Raycasting
- ompf.org - Ray tracing voxels
- Molly Rocket - Carmack: Sparse Voxel Octree
- Samuli Laine - Efficient Sparse Voxel Octrees
- Unlimited Detail Real-Time Rendering Technology 2011
- Mega Meshes - Lionhead's Milo and Kate
- Mega Meshes - Modelling, rendering and lighting a world made of 100 billion polygons - Lionhead's Milo and Kate
- MightyLight - Lionhead's Milo and Kate
- Out-Of-Core construction of Sparse Voxel Octrees
- Procedural voxel Worlds - architecture and caves
- Atomontage Engine - Voxelized Geometry - YouTube
- Euclideon & Unlimited Detail - Bruce Dell Interview by John Gatt
- duangle: Voxel Mesh Hybrids: A Walkthrough
- Two Methods for Voxel Detail Enhancement
- PND3D Demo
- Lighting voxel octrees and procedural texturing
- Atomontage Engine - A Large Game-Like Scene
- High Resolution Sparse Voxel DAGs
- stb voxel graphics library teaser
- stb/stb_voxel_render.h
- The Rendering Technology of SkySaga: Infinite Isles
- The Basics of GPU Voxelization
- Gamasutra: Leonard Ritter's Blog - Towards Realtime Deformable Worlds: Why Tetrahedra Rule, Voxels Drool
- Sean Barrett's voxel game - OBBG: Open Block Building Game
- Sylvain Lefebvre's OctreeTex
- SVO - GameDev.Net
- SigGraph2015 A Survey of Promising, Unconventional and Mostly Abandoned Renderers for ‘Dreams PS4', a Geometrically Dense, Painterly UGC game - AlexEvans
Demoscene
Lighting
IES lights
Global Illumination
BRDF literature
PBR - Physically Based Lighting
- SigGraph2016 Course: Physically Based Shading in Theory and Practice - Self Shadow
- Physically Based Rendering Encyclopedia
- 3D-Coat - PBR description - easy introduction
- Readings on Physically Based Rendering
- Chart PBR materials - base color, metallic, roughness, porosity
- SIGGRAPH 2014 Course - Physically Based Shading in Theory and Practice
- PBR Tutorial - Physically Based Rendering, And You Can Too
- Physically Based Reflectance Model Design for nex gen
- Extension to Energy-Conserving Wrapped Diffuse lighting
- Microfacet Models f or Refraction thr ough Rough Surfaces - GGX model
- Remember Me part A - physic based rendering, brdf, roughness, materials
- Remember Me part B - rain
- Remember Me part C - Wet environments lighting references comp
- Drobot Lighting of Killzone Shadow Fall - Physical based, IBL, light geometry, IES lights
- PBR Theory for artists
- Physically based rendering chart for Unreal Engine 4 - Sébastien Lagarde DontNod
- Physically-Based Shading at Disney 2012
- Implementation of the Disney principled BRDF
- Optimizing PBR GGX Shaders with dot(L,H)
- Optimizing PBR GGX Shaders - update
- SigGraph2015 Optimizing PBR and BRDF on Mobile
- The SGGX Microflake Distribution - ellipsoidal
- Importance Sampling Microfacet-Based BSDFs using the Distribution of Visible Normals
- GPU Pro 5 - KillZone Area lights code
- Physically Based Rendering Encyclopedia
- PBR - Physically Based Rendering Encyclopedia - discussion of the bible of materials
- Unite2014: Mastering Physically Based Shading in Unity 5
- Shader calibration - Metallic value charts - Unity
- google/Filament physically based rendering engine for Android, Windows, Linux and macOS. OpenGL, Vulkan
SSAO
Stochastic
Camera, Physically Based Camera
Shadows
Deferred rendering - ForwardPlus - Tile based rendering
AA_and_PostFX
- Adaptive Temporal Antialiasing - Nvidia Research
- Checkerboard rendering, rotated anti-aliasing and grid frequencies - Bart Wronski
- Anti-aliased Alpha Test: The Esoteric Alpha To Coverage + fwidth
- Filmic SMAA Sharp Morphological and Temporal Antialiasing
- High Quality Temporal Supersampling - Brian Karis Unreal
- Coarse Pixel Shading with Temporal Supersampling - Intel
- Temporal supersampling and antialiasing - Bart Wronski
- Deep Learning: The Future of Real-Time Rendering - Marco Salvi
- Revision Demoparty 2018 - HBIL
- bitsquid: development blog: Notes On Screen Space HIZ Tracing
- SigGraph2016 - Aggregate G-Buffer Anti-Aliasing in Unreal Engine 4 - AGAA
- GDC2016 Temporal Reprojection AntiAliasing in Inside - Lasse Jon Fuglsang Pedersen
- GDC2016 An excursion in Temporal Supersampling - Marco Salvi Nvidia
- Siggraph 2014 High Quality Temporal Supersampling - Unreal Brian Karis
- Beyond3D - Diving into Anti-Aliasing comparison - SSAA, MSAA, Cover Samp AA, MLAA, FXAA...
- GCN Execution Patterns in Full Screen Passes - Compute shader or 1 triangle better L1 L2 cache use than 2 triangles
- all for a new Post-Processing Pipeline - KGC 2013 - Wolfgang Engel
- Morphological Antialiasing on GPU
- Fast Antialiasing Using Prefiltered Lines
- Fast Prefiltered Lines - GPU Gems - Chapter 22.
- More on God of War III Antialiasing
- DigitalFoundry - Pandemic MLAA The Saboteur
- FSAA on SPU - "Saboteur" AA - Beyond3D
- Pandemic Studio's MLAA on SPU in The Saboteur
- Morphological Antialiasing
- Saboteur_Aliasing 1
- Saboteur_Aliasing 1
- Saboteur_Aliasing 2
- MLAA The Saboteur - pb luminance
- MLAA The Saboteur - pb edge fuzzy
- MLAA The Saboteur - pb subpixel
- MLAA-DLAA-FXAA-SMAA from 2009 to 2017 - Research Impact Retrospective, Alexander Reshetov - Jorge Jimenez
- GameSpot Forums - Saboteur's unique PS3 anti-aliasing
- Efficient anti-aliasing algorithm for computer generated images
- Hybrid Reconstruction Anti-Aliasing Siggraph2014
- Timothy Lottes: FXAA3 Source Released
- Timothy Lottes: Fixed a few typos in FXAA 3.11
- Dynamic Resolution Rendering Article
- Experimenting with Reconstruction Filters for MSAA Resolve
- Nvidia - Particle Shadows (3D voxel PSM) & Cache-Efficient Post-Processing (SSAO with interleaved and divided zbuffer)
- Quick Gaussian Filtering
- Bloom, Gaussian Filter, Pascal tri, weights generation
- A screen-space approach to rendering polylines on terrain | AGI Blogs
- A4: Asynchronous Adaptive Anti-Aliasing using Shared Memory
- Dead Space 3 - Diffuse Reflections
- Killzone: Shadow Fall - SSLR screen space reflection with localized cube map
- GPU Gems 3 - Chapter 27. Motion Blur as a Post-Processing Effect
- Real-time Frame Rate Up-conversion for Video Games - SIGGRAPH 2010
- LucasArts' 60FPS TFU Force Unleashed II TFU2 tech demo - Dmitry Andreev
- The Skylanders SWAP Force Depth-of-Field Shader
- A Fast and Stable Feature-Aware Motion Blur Filter
- A Fast and Stable Feature-Aware Motion Blur Filter
- A Fast and Stable Feature-Aware Motion Blur Filter 2014
- Jorge Jimenez - Next Generation Post Processing in Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare
- Arne Schober - Advanced Screenspace Antialiasing
- Adaptive Wavelet Rendering
- Antialiased 2D Grid, Marker, and Arrow Shaders (JCGT)
- Antialiasing: To Splat Or Not - Nathan Reed's coding blog
- DX11 Perspective Matrix Jittering Temporal AA
- Alchemy Screen-Space Ambient Obscurance Algorithm
- Scalable Ambient Obscurance - based on Alchemy SSAOA
- A Comparative Study of Screen-Space Ambient Occlusion Methods
- Aggregate G-Buffer Anti-Aliasing - Nvidia
- GTC2015 - New raster methods using Maxwell - aggregate gbuffer aa AGAA, multisample hard shadows, new accumulative AA
- Fixing screen-space deferred decals | Bart Wronski
- Frame blending with Motion Vectors (explosion example)
- Time warping using motion vector - NUKE tips and tricks
- Decoupled Coverage Anti-Aliasing
- EuroGraphic2015 Pixel Merge Unit
- Accurate computation of single scattering in participating media with refractive boundaries
- Nvidia - Particle Shadows & Cache-Efficient Post-Processing
- GDC16 - Advanced Techniques and Optimization of HDR/VDR Color Pipelines
- Siggraph2014 Hybrid Reconstruction Anti-Aliasing - Michal Drobot
- A Weighted Error Metric and Optimization Method for Antialiasing Patterns
Terrain_Nature
Animation
Ray-Tracing
DirectRaytracing DRX Nvidia RTX - Vulkan Raytracing
Shaders
- Valve's dithering in pixel shader
- Efficient triangle and quadrilateral clipping within shaders
- Shadertoy BETA - lib of effect shaders
- Shader fog in space object by paniq
- Raymarching Distance Fields
- Free penumbra shadows for raymarching distance fields
- Iñigo Quilez - procedural color palette in shader
- Sean Barrett @nothings's non repetitive brick rendering with several detail texs
- Use fwidth, ddx and ddy to create distance antialiasing lines in shaders
- "Cheap" Diamond Rendering - Viktor Zatorskyi - Medium
- Inigo Quilez's distance functions in shader
- Shadertoy - Let's Make A Ray Marcher tutorial
- Shadertoy - Vorms raymarching - Inigo Quilez
- Shadertoy - Deformed - raymarched to sphere and plane deforming on music
- Shadertoy - lib of effect shaders
- Shadertoy - Bicubic filtering approximation in 4 texture samples - Simon Green Nvidia
- Shadertoy - Noisy flow - Inigo Quilez
- Shadertoy - furball shader
- Shadertoy - Volcanic shader - Inigo Quilez
- Shadertoy - Equi-Angular Sampling
- Shadertoy - Bridge and forest in snow - Inigo Quilez
- Shadertoy - Bridge in river forest snow
- Shadertoy - Hell
- Shadertoy - Star Nest
- Shadertoy - Exterminate!
- Shadertoy - Wolfenstein
- Shadertoy - Shiny Toy car pathfinding stochastic rendering
- Shadertoy - Area lights
- Shadertoy - Distance Estimated Area Lights by eiffie
- Shadertoy - Fractal orgy
- Shadertoy - Storm - Inigo Quilez
- Shadertoy - Filtering procedurals - Inigo Quilez
- Shadertoy - Rainforest - Inigo Quilez
- Shadertoy - Fractal Cartoon
- Shadertoy - The Legend of Zelda
- Shadertoy - Dolphin - Inigo Quilez
- Shadertoy - Canyon - Inigo Quilez
- Shadertoy - Bidirectional path tracing
- Shadertoy - AssBlock - grid of animated cube alignments
- Shadertoy - Temple displacement map
- Shadertoy - Portal Gun
- Shadertoy - SoC with Light
- Shadertoy - noise distributions
- Shadertoy - The Gallery - effects in frames on gallery corridor walls
- Shadertoy - Terminator
- Shadertoy - Jack-o'-lantern
- Shadertoy - Sphere ambient occlusion
- Shadertoy - Motionblurred relief/displaced cylinder - Inigo Quilez in 10 lines
- Shadertoy - Xyptonjtroz - volumetric dust storm in 7 samples
- Shadertoy - D.E.A.L. - Distance Estimated Area Lights
- Shadertoy - Clouds
- [[https://www.shadertoy.com/view/ltjGRz][Shadertoy - [NV15] Space]]
- Shadertoy - Cloud Ten
- Shadertoy - Fancy tie fighters
- Shadertoy - Interstellar Flyby - black hole gravitational effect on light
- Shadertoy - Magnetismic - 3d animated volumetric noise
- Shadertoy - Seascape - nice sea and sky
- Shadertoy - Generators - raymarching + soft AO + effects
- Shadertoy - Escher's prentententoonstelling (window merging in further galery)
- Shadertoy - Shadertoy filmic tonemap. Note embedded white point correction & no sRGB approx
- Shadertoy - SebHillaire's VolumetricIntegration
- Shadertoy - Balls and shadows by Inigo Quilez
- Shadertoy - triangle dithering
- Shadertoy - Electro
- Shadertoy - Mandelbrot (simple zoom)
- Shadertoy - Advection filter comparison - bilinear, smootherstep, hermite, bspline
- Shadertoy - Sirenian Dawn - Mars planet + atmosphere rendering
- Shadertoy - oilArt (with sound)
- Shadertoy - Cylindrical objects
- ShaderToy - RayTracingInOneWeekend
- Shadertoy - Smaller Numbers displayed in pure shader no tex
- Shadertoy - Pangram - display text Matrix style
- Shadertoy - Dornia Straight text display
- Shadertoy - Earth-like Tiny Planet
- Shadertoy - image->neural net->glsl
- Shadertoy - Metaballs - Quintic
- Shadertoy - Cheapstep, a faster smoothstep
- Shadertoy - smoothlinear filtering vs bilinear
- Shadertoy - Catmull-Rom texture filtering vs bilinear
- Shadertoy - Meta CRT on raytraced desk
- Shadertoy - iq's Greek Temple
- Shadertoy - Curtain and ball with phyisic - voxel spatial tree
- Shadertoy - Normals Compression - spherical, spheremap, octahedral 16,24,32bit
- Shadertoy - Simple Greeble StarWars Deathstar trench - Split4
- Shadertoy - Turn n' Burn - terrain + plane raymarching
- Shadertoy - Angels by iq
- Shadertoy - Rock Shapes WIP
- Shadertoy - KIFS - raymarching 3d menger spone fractal
- Shadertoy - Shuto Highway 83 (Japan like city, 2mn 7 cams)
- Escher and the Droste effect - webgl fragment shader
- Shadertoy - Spectral pathtracer
- Shadertoy - Monster by iq
- Shadertoy - Zone plate checkerboard by Bart Wronski
- Shadertoy - Siemens star antialiasing by Bart Wronski
- Shadertoy - The Eye - human compo
- Shadertoy - Mandelbrot - orbit traps by iq
OpenGL
OpenGL-ES
OpenGL Extensions
Vulkan
Direct3D
D3DX effects
Larrabee
Models, textures, pipeline
Data_formats
InsideObj
Human_Skin_Hair
Subdivision
Particles
Procedural
Physic
Water
Space
Volume rendering
Ati Nvidia Intel specifics
Transparent_OIT
Effects VFX
Color space, filters, distance field
- High-Performance By-Example Noise using a Histogram-Preserving Blending Operator - Eric Heitz Fabrice Neyret
- Games Look Bad, Part 1: HDR and Tone Mapping - Promit's Ventspace
- Photoshop-style blend equations
- Bilinear, Bicubic, better smoother interpolation
- An investigation of fast real-time GPU-based image blur algorithms
- Bilateral filter - Wikipedia
- Binlinear, Bicubic, better smoother interpolation
- Shadertoy - Bicubic filtering approximation in 4 texture samples - Simon Green Nvidia
- Bilinear sRGB + cutout/decal AA = problematic
- Computing Alpha Mipmaps - correcting alpha fade out
- Of Bit Depths, Banding and Normal Maps - 8bits vs 16bits, 32bits, 8bits dithered
- Delta Color Compression Overview - to save bandwidth
- PVR Texture Compression Exploration - Jeffrey Lim
- The Importance of Terminology and sRGB Uncertainty
- Siggraph2017 Programming for High Dynamic Range Rendering and Display - Nvidia
- Computer Color is Broken - gamma correction explained in few minutes
- Pre-Multiplied blend mode is a 3 in 1 blend mode that has a lot of uses. It has been around for a long time but it seems to be re-discovered every few years. This project includes descriptions/examples and tools for using pre-multiplied alpha.
- sRGB fast approximations for HLSL
- Adventures with Gamma-Correct Rendering
- the sRGB Learning Curve: Gamma, pow2.2, sRGB - Game Dev Daily
- Gamma error in picture scaling
- Color: From Hexcodes to Eyeballs
Others
Tools
Books_Confs
Compressive Sampling
System
Hash
String hash and comparison
Intrinsic SSE
Misc
- cbloom - Differences Running in Debugger
- cbloom - Weird shite about Exceptions in Windows
- Self-debugger attach to process - CodeProject
- C# .NET framework libraries
- Beautiful Native Libraries - Armin Ronacher's Thoughts and Writings
- The Perils of Future-Coding - Sebastian Sylvan
- Structured Programming with go to Statements - Donald E. Knuth - root of all evil vs a 12 % improvement, easily obtained, is never considered marginal
- Structured Programming with go to Statements - Donald Knuth - 12% not insignificiant, simply overreaction - premature optimisations comment
- Knuth's full quote on premature optimizations (comment Oct 27 2013 3:20)
- Harmful GOTOs, Premature Optimizations, and Programming Myths are the Root of all Evil
- Latency Numbers Every Programmer Should Know · GitHub
- Latency numbers every programmer should know by year
- CPU Cache Flushing Fallacy - CPU registers, L1, L2, L3, memory read timings
- Intel 64 and IA32 x86 manual
- On Iteration and Iterators - A Fresh Approach to Iteration
- CppCon2018: OOP Is Dead, Long Live Data-oriented Design - Stoyan Nikolov, Chrome and Chromium
- Aspect-oriented programming - AOP
- Data, Context, and Interaction - DCI
- DCI architecture: new vision of OOP
- X86 Opcode and Instruction Reference 1.11
- Optimized Posix implementation of virtual circular buffer
- Magic Virtual Ring Buffer - The ryg
- The Error Model - Joe Duffy
- arraysize.h - macro+template to safely compute size of array
- Holistic Optimisation - TGC 2017
- Pitfalls Revisited - TGC2017
Language_and_future
C++
C#
Google Go
Lisp
Functional languages - other languages
Java
Quantum
- Matrix and Quaternion FAQ
- Quaternion between vectors
- Visualizing Quaternions - image
- Visualizing Quaternions - explanation
- Converting a Rotation Matrix to a Quaternion - Mike Day, Insomniac Games
- Blog: Beautiful maths simplification: quaternion from two vectors - Lol Engine
- Intel - The Computation of Transcendental Functions on the IA-64 Architecture
- The Remez Method to locating the minimax rational approximation to a function
- Hermite Curve Interpolation, Cardinal splines, kb splines
- 2003 Fast inverse sqrt
- 2007 Maths behind fast inverse sqrt
- Fast inv sqrt, fast any fpowf(), 0x5f3759df - Carmack from Greg Walsh 80ies
- Poisson Disk Sampling distribution
- Finish your derivations, please - The ryg
- Geometric interpretation for the quadratic equation - Iñigo Quilez
- Cos approximation : 1 - 0.4*x²
- Interpolation Tricks - linear, smoothstep, spline
- Sin approximation: (1-x)x4
- Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula
- Building an Orthonormal Basis from a 3D Unit Vector Without Normalization
- Doing gravity right - Verlet integration correctly
- Essential Math for Games Programmers
- Spherical Harmonic Lighting - Robin Green, Sony
- Floating-Point Determinism. Microsoft's cpuid with _mm_rcp_ps - Bruce Dawson
- 2D Polyhedral Bounds of a Clipped, Perspective-Projected 3D Sphere
- Stupid Spherical Harmonic ticks - Peter-Pike Sloan
- Efficient Spherical Harmonic Evaluation - Peter-Pike Sloan
- Spherical Harmonics in actual games - TomF
- Shared Spherical Harmonics library for C++/HLSL/OpenCL/CUDA using pycgen to generate/document optimal transforms
- On the early history of the Singular Value Decomposition SVD
- Cholesky decomposition - Wikipedia
- GDC2014 Intro to frames, dictionnaries and K-SVD
- Extremely short Matlab LP solvers
- Simple and Fast Spherical Harmonic Rotation
- Eigen - C++ template library for linear algebra
- Don't invert that matrix - matrix factorization instead
- Derived Algebraic Geometry
- Octonion - previously octaves - 8 dimension complex numbers
- Dot, cross, and quaternion products
- All primes past 2 and 3 of the forms 6n+1 and 6n-1 (or 6n+5)
- Gaussian Elimination
- Algebraic Surfaces Gallery
- Maths for game developpers - Jorge Rodriguez
- From 1,000,000 to Graham's Number - tetration, pentation, power of power
- Examples of mathematical discoveries which were kept as a secret
- Math Symbols, unicode
- Terry Moore: Why is 'x' the unknown? The origin of 'x'. And 'y' and 'z'.
- Cyclic fractions - full reptend primes
- Full reptend prime - Wikipedia
- Name of 3d volume combinations
- Encoding Uniform Scale in Quaternions and Dual Quaternions
- Math Symbols
- Liu Hui's π algorithm
- 101 Prime Resources On Advanced Mathematics
- Animation of sum of sin/pi to build a square signal
- OpenGL Mathematics - GLSL like maths lib
- Fast inv sqrt, fast any fpowf(), 0x5f3759df
- Ryg's SSE/AVX matrix multiply
- How a Kalman filter works, in pictures
- Experilous: Generating Spherical Distance Fields from Polygons
- Moonshine theory I: symmetry, numbers, and Monstrous Moonshine | Brandon Rayhaun
- Continued fractions for pi, exp, sqrt(2)
- Fast and accurate sine/cosine - Nick
- Dirichlet distribution and random number generation
- Double factorial, triple factorial - variations On Factorial
- Dijkstra's Prime Number Algorithm
- Faster Math Functions - Bases and Frames
- Printing Floating-Point Numbers
- Robust estimation, least square and M-estimators optimisation
- Square root in C using Newton-Raphson method sqrt
- Tensor products of vector spaces
- Understanding The Discrete Fourier Transform
- Polynom online regression tools
- FooPlot - online function plotter
- GraphSketch online plotter
- Incremental Least Squares Curve Fitting
- Same Stats, Different Graphs: Generating Datasets with Varied Appearance and Identical Statistics through Simulated Annealing | Autodesk Research
- Disk random point picking - Wolfram MathWorld
- Epicycles, complex Fourier series and Homer Simpson's orbit - Mathologer
Permanent link
Data, statistics, recommender
Netflix
HumanLearning
MachineLearning
Neurons
CSS
Image gallery
Text editors inside page
GoogleMap
EverCookie
Source versionning
SVN_Webdav
Visual Studio
Vim
Linux dev
- Designing Windows 95's User Interface
- The Wonderful World of Early Computing - Neatorama
- 40 years of Multics, 1969-2009 - blast from the past, history, MIT, Multics - CIO
- First small/home computers
- Xerox Alto Demo - the first computer with a GUI based OS ever 1973
- The Texas Instruments TMX 1795: the first, forgotten microprocessor?
- One Div Zero: A Brief, Incomplete, and Mostly Wrong History of Programming Languages
- Apple || disk controler under 256 bytes
- Apple II DOS source code - disk drive controleur code
- Knowledge Navigator (1987) Apple Computer
- The Man Behind The Curtain - historic games with public source code
- Learn to Let Go: How Success Killed Duke Nukem
- Lisp Cycles
- Evolution of a Python programmer
- PC Gaming: Slowly Dying & On Life Support
- Quake's hidden-surface removal - Fabien Sanglard
- Steve Wozniak on Jobs movie - " largely a lie about me"
- theRyg - Networks all the way down - evolution from parallel bus to star shape serial point to point
- Real PS4 Screenshots Justify All That 'Next-Gen' Hype
- Down to the silicon: how the Z80's registers are implemented
- How Sega built the Genesis
- repz ret - repeat return optimization for legacy AMD K8 still in GCC
- The 3D Software Rendering Technology of 1998's Thief: The Dark Project
- History of video game graphics from 2D to fake 3D and real 3D
- Ralph Baer and Bill Harrison Play Ping-Pong Video Game, 1969 - oldest video game
- The untold story of the invention of the game cartridge in the Fairchild Channel F console
- The history of grep, fgrep, egrep; from Ken Thompson to GNU grep
- Linus Torvalds started Linux to access Usenet over 2400 baud modem into university, added fs to download
- Scroll Back: The Theory and Practice of Cameras in Side-Scrollers
- Dave Baggett's answer - Crash Bandicoot fit on PS1 with 4 bytes to spare
- An 8-tube module from a 1954 IBM mainframe examined: it's a key debouncer
- Pie Menus: A 30 Year Retrospective - Don Hopkins
- The 640K memory limit of MS-DOS - From IBM, not from Microsoft. EMS, XMS DOS extenders
- Triple layer Matrox PG-1280A - triple layered boards first 3D video card 1280x1024 256 colors in 1984
